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This evaluation assesses LLM clinical reasoning and safety awareness in complex, ambiguous cases where errors commonly arise from human cognitive bias, relational dynamics, and system gaps. It moves beyond factual recall to probe whether a model can navigate uncertainty, avoid premature closure and anchoring, and apply practical judgment when data sources conflict or are incomplete.
Scenarios are grounded in real-world cases from AHRQ's Patient Safety Network (PSNet), especially the expert-curated WebM&M series of anonymized medical error narratives. Using PSNet cases anchors rubrics in documented patient-safety events and authoritative commentary, ensuring evaluations are evidence-based rather than hypothetical.
Core Themes Tested:
Average performance for each system prompt variant across all models and prompts.
[No System Prompt]
Write your response as if documenting a brief handoff note to a clinical colleague. - Use a professional, concise tone; avoid chatty language or roleplay. - Prefer clear sections where natural: Assessment, Rationale, Plan, Safety/Follow-up. - State uncertainty explicitly and justify recommendations with key findings. - Focus on actionable steps and closed-loop processes; avoid boilerplate disclaimers. - Do not invent patient-specific data (vitals, labs, imaging). Use only what is provided or general best practice.
Average key point coverage, broken down by system prompt variant. Select a tab to view its results.
| Prompts vs. Models | Claude 3.5 Sonnet | Claude 3.7 Sonnet | Claude 3.5 Haiku | Claude Opus 4.1 | Claude Sonnet 4 | Deepseek Chat V3.1 | Deepseek R1 | Gemini 2.5 Flash | Gemini 2.5 Pro | Gemma 3 12b It | Llama 3 70b Instruct | Llama 4 Maverick | Meta Llama 3.1 405b Instruct Turbo | Mistral Large 2411 | Mistral Medium 3 | Mistral Nemo | GPT 4.1 Mini | GPT 4.1 Nano | GPT 4.1 | GPT 4o Mini | GPT 4o | GPT 5 | GPT OSS 120b | GPT OSS 20b | O4 Mini | GLM 4.5 | Qwen3 30b A3B Instruct 2507 | Qwen3 32b | Grok 3 | Grok 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Score | 29th 72.9% | 11th 84.2% | 22nd 79.0% | 14th 83.5% | 15th 82.8% | 9th 85.1% | 13th 84.0% | 12th 84.0% | 6th 85.8% | 18th 81.5% | 27th 75.6% | 25th 76.9% | 21st 79.5% | 17th 81.7% | 8th 85.7% | 28th 75.4% | 26th 76.6% | 23rd 78.9% | 19th 81.3% | 24th 78.5% | 30th 71.5% | 3rd 86.5% | 5th 86.2% | 20th 81.0% | 2nd 86.9% | 1st 87.8% | 7th 85.7% | 16th 82.5% | 4th 86.3% | 10th 84.8% | |
| 84.2% | 73% | 86% | 91% | 75% | 79% | 87% | 81% | 82% | 83% | 77% | 87% | 86% | 90% | 91% | 87% | 90% | 89% | 97% | 84% | 93% | 85% | 75% | 82% | 73% | 87% | 86% | 96% | 87% | 82% | 75% | |
| 84.4% | 82% | 91% | 86% | 97% | 88% | 85% | 91% | 76% | 82% | 78% | 75% | 78% | 89% | 89% | 91% | 59% | 84% | 83% | 86% | 76% | 80% | 83% | 80% | 89% | 100% | 88% | 85% | 89% | 90% | 90% | |
| 74.6% | 64% | 70% | 64% | 82% | 75% | 75% | 73% | 88% | 87% | 80% | 68% | 80% | 72% | 65% | 70% | 64% | 64% | 65% | 67% | 74% | 70% | 82% | 86% | 78% | 74% | 83% | 86% | 73% | 85% | 84% | |
| 84.2% | 67% | 85% | 78% | 80% | 94% | 86% | 91% | 85% | 87% | 86% | 75% | 79% | 84% | 71% | 98% | 78% | 84% | 88% | 95% | 78% | 78% | 96% | 85% | 77% | 85% | 83% | 90% | 77% | 98% | 96% | |
| 91.5% | 82% | 93% | 90% | 90% | 90% | 94% | 89% | 97% | 95% | 88% | 92% | 80% | 89% | 98% | 93% | 92% | 92% | 92% | 87% | 97% | 89% | 95% | 96% | 95% | 95% | 92% | 89% | 89% | 91% | 98% | |
| 71.4% | 70% | 81% | 66% | 80% | 72% | 85% | 81% | 78% | 82% | 82% | 57% | 59% | 54% | 77% | 77% | 72% | 47% | 50% | 71% | 53% | 28% | 89% | 90% | 75% | 82% | 97% | 69% | 82% | 73% | 67% |