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This evaluation assesses LLM clinical reasoning and safety awareness in complex, ambiguous cases where errors commonly arise from human cognitive bias, relational dynamics, and system gaps. It moves beyond factual recall to probe whether a model can navigate uncertainty, avoid premature closure and anchoring, and apply practical judgment when data sources conflict or are incomplete.
Scenarios are grounded in real-world cases from AHRQ's Patient Safety Network (PSNet), especially the expert-curated WebM&M series of anonymized medical error narratives. Using PSNet cases anchors rubrics in documented patient-safety events and authoritative commentary, ensuring evaluations are evidence-based rather than hypothetical.
Core Themes Tested:
Average performance for each system prompt variant across all models and prompts.
[No System Prompt]
Write your response as if documenting a brief handoff note to a clinical colleague. - Use a professional, concise tone; avoid chatty language or roleplay. - Prefer clear sections where natural: Assessment, Rationale, Plan, Safety/Follow-up. - State uncertainty explicitly and justify recommendations with key findings. - Focus on actionable steps and closed-loop processes; avoid boilerplate disclaimers. - Do not invent patient-specific data (vitals, labs, imaging). Use only what is provided or general best practice.
Average key point coverage, broken down by system prompt variant. Select a tab to view its results.
| Prompts vs. Models | Claude 3.5 Sonnet | Claude 3.7 Sonnet | Claude 3.5 Haiku | Claude Opus 4.1 | Claude Sonnet 4 | Deepseek Chat V3.1 | Deepseek R1 | Gemini 2.5 Flash | Gemini 2.5 Pro | Gemma 3 12b It | Llama 3 70b Instruct | Llama 4 Maverick | Meta Llama 3.1 405b Instruct Turbo | Mistral Large 2411 | Mistral Medium 3 | Mistral Nemo | GPT 4.1 Mini | GPT 4.1 Nano | GPT 4.1 | GPT 4o Mini | GPT 4o | GPT 5 | GPT OSS 120b | GPT OSS 20b | O4 Mini | GLM 4.5 | Qwen3 30b A3B Instruct 2507 | Qwen3 32b | Grok 3 | Grok 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Score | 22nd 80.2% | 9th 88.9% | 23rd 77.4% | 5th 91.1% | 10th 88.4% | 8th 90.5% | 17th 86.3% | 4th 92.1% | 7th 90.5% | 13th 87.7% | 29th 71.2% | 27th 73.1% | 28th 72.8% | 24th 76.1% | 14th 87.5% | 26th 73.6% | 19th 86.0% | 21st 80.8% | 18th 86.1% | 30th 70.1% | 25th 74.3% | 1st 93.9% | 2nd 93.6% | 15th 87.5% | 16th 87.1% | 3rd 92.4% | 12th 87.7% | 20th 85.3% | 6th 90.9% | 11th 87.8% | |
| 92.1% | 79% | 95% | 77% | 95% | 100% | 98% | 94% | 100% | 97% | 95% | 84% | 81% | 88% | 82% | 94% | 85% | 100% | 86% | 94% | 80% | 89% | 98% | 98% | 100% | 100% | 98% | 92% | 96% | 97% | 98% | |
| 75.7% | 69% | 94% | 56% | 92% | 82% | 94% | 75% | 82% | 88% | 84% | 51% | 49% | 53% | 42% | 75% | 52% | 80% | 75% | 91% | 66% | 57% | 82% | 96% | 86% | 93% | 96% | 90% | 83% | 73% | 67% | |
| 86.4% | 83% | 95% | 84% | 100% | 94% | 95% | 89% | 100% | 99% | 85% | 45% | 69% | 58% | 87% | 95% | 63% | 87% | 87% | 96% | 45% | 74% | 100% | 97% | 95% | 95% | 100% | 98% | 94% | 98% | 89% | |
| 83.3% | 82% | 89% | 76% | 92% | 87% | 92% | 86% | 89% | 98% | 82% | 66% | 71% | 88% | 84% | 96% | 53% | 85% | 67% | 85% | 66% | 72% | 99% | 95% | 88% | 96% | 91% | 78% | 82% | 86% | 86% | |
| 96.4% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 95% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 88% | 100% | 92% | 98% | 100% | 95% | 100% | 97% | 100% | 98% | 100% | 76% | 93% | 100% | 100% | 97% | 100% | 89% | 90% | 100% | 100% | 86% | |
| 85.5% | 81% | 89% | 82% | 95% | 89% | 93% | 91% | 98% | 98% | 94% | 71% | 83% | 70% | 68% | 86% | 75% | 82% | 74% | 77% | 71% | 73% | 94% | 96% | 87% | 86% | 99% | 98% | 85% | 94% | 94% | |
| 75.2% | 80% | 71% | 64% | 78% | 64% | 83% | 71% | 90% | 83% | 75% | 55% | 82% | 83% | 66% | 76% | 68% | 64% | 82% | 76% | 63% | 67% | 98% | 87% | 72% | 84% | 81% | 74% | 66% | 82% | 78% | |
| 87.9% | 81% | 88% | 82% | 89% | 94% | 89% | 94% | 91% | 92% | 93% | 83% | 78% | 80% | 73% | 97% | 81% | 86% | 93% | 97% | 78% | 82% | 98% | 95% | 89% | 89% | 89% | 90% | 81% | 97% | 95% | |
| 70.5% | 59% | 77% | 57% | 86% | 84% | 78% | 68% | 79% | 81% | 68% | 52% | 56% | 48% | 53% | 67% | 53% | 83% | 69% | 81% | 48% | 63% | 88% | 77% | 80% | 61% | 87% | 78% | 73% | 80% | 84% | |
| 95.2% | 93% | 94% | 98% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 98% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 87% | 74% | 85% | 96% | 100% | 92% | 100% | 88% | 97% | 93% | 89% | 100% | 98% | 95% | 89% | 100% | 100% | 94% | 100% | 99% | |
| 80.4% | 84% | 92% | 86% | 89% | 87% | 83% | 92% | 83% | 83% | 90% | 76% | 65% | 62% | 83% | 83% | 72% | 70% | 53% | 65% | 57% | 60% | 92% | 97% | 86% | 73% | 90% | 87% | 88% | 99% | 92% | |
| 72.8% | 72% | 82% | 70% | 76% | 87% | 76% | 68% | 83% | 69% | 80% | 52% | 68% | 39% | 60% | 69% | 62% | 84% | 77% | 75% | 69% | 62% | 82% | 95% | 72% | 79% | 83% | 74% | 66% | 78% | 78% | |
| 91.5% | 87% | 95% | 87% | 94% | 90% | 91% | 89% | 97% | 96% | 87% | 91% | 87% | 84% | 97% | 96% | 90% | 92% | 91% | 85% | 96% | 92% | 97% | 90% | 90% | 92% | 95% | 91% | 91% | 94% | 95% | |
| 88.3% | 75% | 85% | 67% | 91% | 87% | 96% | 96% | 99% | 99% | 97% | 93% | 65% | 85% | 82% | 93% | 91% | 93% | 94% | 89% | 75% | 71% | 89% | 93% | 92% | 84% | 97% | 89% | 99% | 97% | 91% |